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1) D. Potter, People of Plenty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954). J. S. Wright, W. L. Winter & S. K. Zeigler, Advertising (New York:McGraw Hill, 1982), p. 1¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

2) W. Leiss, S. Kline & S. Jhally, Social Communication in Advertising (New York: Routledge, 1990), p. 12.

3) R. Williams, "Advertising:The Magic System," in Problems in Political and Social and Culture (London: Verso, 1980), pp. 170-95.

4) ±¤°í¿ËÈ£·Ð°ú ºñÆÇ·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀº À§ÀÇ Ã¥ ¡¸Social Communication in Advertising¡¹ÀÇ 2Àå°ú 3ÀåÀ» ÂüÁ¶.

5) D. Aaker & J. Myers, Advertising Management (Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice-Hall, 1975), pp. 535-53.

6) M. Real, Mass Mediated Culture (Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice-Hall, 1977), G. Dyer, Advertising as Communication (London: Methuen, 1982).

7) D. G. Mick, "Consumer Research and Semiotics: Exploring the Morphology of Signs, Symbols, and Significance," in Journal of Consumer Research vol. 13, Sep. 1986. p. 196.

8) S. Lash & J. Urry, The End of Organized Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity, 1987), p. 288.

9) W. Leiss, et al., op. cit. pp. 330-48. 4Àå 2Àý ÂüÁ¶.

10) M. Schudson, "Advertising as Capitalist Realism," The Uneasy Persuasion: Its Dubious Impact on American Society(New York: Basic Books, 1984), pp.210-8.

11) J. Kavanaugh, Following Christ in a Consumer Society (New York: Orbis, 1981), pp. 15-6. : S. Jhally, The Code of Advertising: Fetishism and the Political Economy of Meaning in the Consumer Society (London: Frances Printer, 1987), p.200-1¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

12) J. W. Carey, "Advertising: An Institutional Approach," in C. H. Sandage & V. Fryburger, (eds.), The Role of Advertising (Homewood, Ill: Richard D. Irwin, 1960), p. 3. K. B. Rotzell, J. E. Haefner & C. H. Sandage, Advertising in Contemporary Society: Perspectives Towards Understanding (Columbus, OH : Copywright Grid Inc., 1976). ÇÑ»óÇÊ, ±è´ë¼± ¿Å±è, Çö´ë»çȸ¿Í ±¤°í (¼­¿ï: Çѳª·¡, 1994), p.103, p.105.

13) R. Hovland & G. B. Wilcox, Advertising and Society: Classic and Contemporary Reading on Advertising's Role in Society (Lincolnwood III: NTC Publishing Group, 1989), ¸®´ë·æ ¿ª, ±¤°í¿Í »çȸ(¼­¿ï: ³ª³², 1994), p.54.

14) Lasch, C., Culture of Narcissism (New York: Warmer Books, 1979), p.140.

15) {{}}{{}}H. Lynd & R. Lynd, Middletown (New York: Macmillan, 1929), °­Áظ¸¡¤¹ÚÁÖÇÏ¡¤ÇÑÀº°æ, ±¤°íÀÇ »çȸÇÐ (¼­¿ï: ÇÑ¿ï, 1994), p.83¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

16) S. Ewen, Captains of Consiousness:Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976), p.12.

17) R. Goldman, Reading Ads Socially (London: Routledge, 1992), p.2.

18) Á¤°æÈ£, °­³»Èñ Æí, Æ÷½ºÆ® ¸ð´õ´ÏÁòÀÇ ÀïÁ¡ (¼­¿ï: ÅÍ, 1991), pp.22-4.

19) Á¦ 2Àå Á¦ 2Àý ÂüÁ¶.

20) ±è¼º±â, Æ÷½ºÆ® ¸ð´õ´ÏÁò°ú ºñÆÇ»çȸÇÐ (¼­¿ï: ¹®Çаú Áö¼º»ç, 1992), p.42.

21) S. Jhally, op. cit., p.1.

22) ¹Ú¸íÁø, ºñÆÇÀû Ä¿¹Â´ÏÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¼º°ú¿Í ±× ÀïÁ¡, ¼­°­´ë ¾ð·Ð¹®È­¿¬±¸¼Ò, 1989¨Í, p.69.

23) ±èÁö¿î, ¹æÁ¤¹è, ÀÌÈ¿¼º, ±è¿ø¿ë, ºñÆÇÄ¿¹Â´ÏÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ÀÌ·Ð (¼­¿ï: ³ª³², 1991), pp.208-9.

24) S. HallÀº 'µÎ°¡Áö ÆÐ·¯´ÙÀÓµé(two paradigms)'À¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÑ ¹Ý¸é, R. JohnsonÀº '¼¼°¡Áö ¹®Á¦Æ²(three problematics)'·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. S. Hall "Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms," in Media, Culture and Society (2). ; R. Johnson, "Culture and the Historians: Three Problematics: Elements of a Theory of Working Class Culture," in J. Clack, C. Critcher & R. Johnson, Working-Class Culture (London: Hutchison, 1979).

25) N. Garnham, "Contibution to a Political Economy of Mass Communication," in G. C. Wilhoit & H. De Bock (eds.), Mass Communication Review Yearbook vol.2 (Beverly Hills: SAGE, 1981), pp.130-2

26) P. Golding, & G. Murdock, "Ideology and the Mass Media: the Question of Determination," in M. Barrett et al. (eds.), Ideology and Culture Production (New York: St. Martin's press, 1979), pp.202-6.

27) M. Gurevitch, T. Bennett, J. Curran & J. Woollacott (eds.), Culture, Society and The Media (London: Methuen, 1982), pp.26-7.

28) R. Johnson, "Histories of Culture/Theories of Ideology," in M. Barrett, P. Corrigan, A. Kuhn & J. Woff (eds.), Ideology and Culture Production (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979), pp.65-6.

29) °­»óÈ£, ÀÌ¿ø¶ô Æí¿ª, Çö´ë ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¸Å½º¹Ìµð¾î (¼­¿ï: ¹Ì·¡»ç, 1986), p.17. ±èÁö¿îÀÇ op. cit., p.203. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹ýÀÌ »óÈ£¹èŸÀûÀ̰í Àû´ëÀûÀÎ °Íó·³ ´Ù·ç´Â °ÍÀº »ý»êÀûÀÎ ³íÀǰ¡ ¸øµÈ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡ À¯ÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. '¹®È­ÁÖÀÇ' '±¸Á¶ÁÖÀÇ' '°æÁ¦ÁÖÀÇ'´Ï ÇÏ´Â ¿ë¾îµéÀ» À̵é Á¢±Ù¹ýµéÀ» ¸ÅµµÇÏ´Â ¸»·Î ¾²´Â ÀÏÀº ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×·± ŵµ´Â À̵é Á¢±Ù¹ý °£ÀÇ »ý»êÀû Åä·ÐÀ» ¹æÇØÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ibid., p.209.

30) °¢°¢ÀÇ ÀÔÀåµéÀº ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ºÐ·ùµÈ´Ù. ¨ç»çȸ-¹®È­ÀÇ ¹Ý»çÀû °ü°è : ºñÆÇÀ̷аú ÇãÀ§ÀÇ½Ä ¿¬±¸ ¨èÇϺα¸Á¶·Î¼­ÀÇ ¹®È­ : ¹®È­¿Í »ê¾÷È­¿Í ¹®È­Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ, °æÁ¦ÁÖÀÇ-¼ö¿ëÀÚ»óǰ·Ð, ¹Ìµð¾î Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐ ¨é¹®È­ÀÇ À̵¥¿Ã·Î±â »ý»ê : À̵¥¿Ã·Î±â ºÐ¼®Àû Á¢±Ù, ºñÆÇÀû ¾ð¾îÇÐ, Çì°Ô¸ð´ÏÀû Á¢±Ù ¨ê°æÇèÀÇ ¹®È­-»çȸ°£ ¸Å°³ : ÇØ¼®ÇÐÀû Á¢±Ù : ÇØ¼®ÇÐÀû Á¢±ÙÀ¸·Î ÅØ½ºÆ® ÇØµ¶°ú »çȸÀû °æÇèÀÇ »ó°ü¼º, ÇØ¼®ÇÐÀû Çö»óÇÐÀ¸·Î Àǹ̻ý»ê°ú »ý»ê°úÁ¤ °æÇèÀÇ »ó°ü¼º ¨ë¹®È­ÀÇ »çȸÀû °æÇè »ý»ê : ´ã·ÐÀû Á¢±Ù : ÁÖüÀÇ À§Ä¡Áö¿ò, ÁÖü±¸¼ºÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ¹®È­·Î¼­ Æ÷½ºÆ®¸ð´õ´ÏÁò, ÁÖüÀÇ Á¢¸ñ µîÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ú¸íÁø, 1989¨Í, pp.11-2.

31) ¹Ú¸íÁø, 1989¨Í, p.11. Ä¿¹Â´ÏÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ÇϳªÀÇ ÆÐ·¯´ÙÀÓÀ¸·Î¼­ ¹®È­¿¬±¸´Â ¹®È­¿Í »çȸ°£ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû ³íÀïÀ¸·Î ÀڽŵéÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¼ºÀ» È®º¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. J. Hay, "Advertising as a Cultural Text," in B. Dervan, L. Grossberg, B. J. O'Keefe, & E. Wartella (eds.), Rethinking Communication vol. 2 (London: SAGE, 1989), p.129.

32) Çѱ¹Ã¶Çлç»ó¿¬±¸È¸Æí, öÇдë»çÀü (¼­¿ï: µ¿³è, 1990), pp.469-71.

33) ±èÁö¿î Æí, ¸Å½º¹Ìµð¾î Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐ (¼­¿ï: ³ª³², 1990), p.169ÀÇ ¿ªÀÚÁÖ.

34) Çѱ¹Ã¶Çлç»ó¿¬±¸È¸Æí, op. cit., p.1349.

35) J. B. Thompson, Ideology and Modern Culture (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), pp.54-5.

36) K. Marx, "Preface to a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy," in Selected Works in One Volume (Moscow: Progress, 1968), ; K. Marx, & F. Engels, The German Ideology (New York: International Publishers, 1970).

37) K. Marx, A Ctribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Progress Publishers, 1969), pp.503-4 : J. Larrain, The Concept of Ideology (London: Hutchinson, 1979). ÇÑ»óÁø, ½É¿µÈñ °ø¿ª, Çö´ë»çȸÀ̷аú À̵¥¿Ã·Î±â (¼­¿ï: ÇÑ¿ï, 1984), pp.15-6.

38) K. Marx & F. Engels, op. cit., p.64.

39) G. Lukacs, History and Calss Consciousness (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1971).

40) A.Gramsci, Prison Notebooks (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1976), pp.366-77.

41) M. Horkheimer T. W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, trans. Cumming, John (New York: Continuum <1944>, 1989), "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception," p.158. ±èÁö¿î, ¹æÁ¤¹è, ÀÌÈ¿¼º, op. cit., pp.170-1¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

42) T. W. Adorno, "On Popular Music," Studies in Philosophy & Social Science, Vol.9, No.1, 1941, pp.17-48. ¹Ú¸íÁø, 1989¨Í, pp.16-8 ÂüÁ¶.

43) L. Grossberg, "Strategies of Marxist Culture Interpretation," Critical studies in Mass Communication (1), 1984, p.396.

44) B. Miege, "The Cultural Commodity," in Media, Culture and Society 1, 1979, pp.297-311.

45) H. Schiller, "Madison Avenue Imperialism" in R.. L. Merrit (ed.), Communication in International Politics (Urban: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1972), pp.318-338.

46) D. W. Smythe, "Communications: Blindspots of Economics," in W. H. Melody, L. Salter, P. Heyer (eds.), Culture, Communication and Society (New York: Ablex, 1981), pp.111-25.

47) N. Garnham, "Subjectivity Ideology, Class and Historical materialism," in Screen vol. 20, no. 1, Spring(1979) ; G. Murdock & G. Golding, "Capitalism, Communication and Class Relations" in J. Curran et als (ed.), Mass Communication and Society (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1977). ; G. Murdock, "Misrepresenting Media Sociology; A Reply to Anderson and Sharrock," in Mass Communication Reviews Yearbook vol. 3 (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982).

48) R. Barthes, Mythologies, trans. A. Leaver (New York: Hill and Wang, 1972), pp.111-7.

49) J. Williamson, Decoding Advertisement (London: Marion Boyars, 1978).

50) V. Volosinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, 1973. J. Hay, op. cit., p.130.¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

51) S. Hall, "The Rediscovery of Ideology," in M. Gurevitch, T. Bennett, J. Curran, J. Woollacott (ed.,), op. cit., p.64.

52) ¹Ú¸íÁø, ºñÆÇÄ¿¹Â´ÏÄÉÀ̼ǰú ¹®È­ÀÌ·Ð (¼­¿ï: ³ª³², 1989¨Î), pp.78-81.

53) J. Hay, op. cit., p.133.

54) K. Marx/±è¿µ¹Î, ÀÚº» 1-1 (¼­¿ï: À̷аú ½Çõ, 1987), p.47.

55) ibid., p.48.

56) S. Jhally, op. cit., p.125.

57) ȲÅ¿¬, Çѱ¹»çȸ¿Í ÀÚº»·Ð °­ÀÇ (¼­¿ï: Áß¿ø¹®È­, 1989), p.57.

58) K. Marx/±è¿µ¹Î, op. cit., p.89.

59) ibid., pp.90-1.

60) ȲÅ¿¬, op. cit., p.88.

61) ¾î¶² ÀÎ½Ä ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¹° ¶Ç´Â Ç¥»óÀÇ ¾î¶² ¡ǥ¸¦ Ãß»óÇÒ ¶§´Â ´ç¿¬È÷ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¡ǥµéÀº µµ¿Ü½ÃÇÏ°í ¹ö¸®°Ô µÈ´Ù. Ãß»ó°ú Ç¥¸®¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀÛ¿ëÀ» »ç»ó(»ç»ó)À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. Çѱ¹Ã¶Çлç»ó¿¬±¸È¸Æí, op. cit., p.604.

62) R. Lichtman, "Marx's Theory of Ideology," Socialist Revolution, 23. April, 1975, S. Jhally, op. cit., p.32¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

63) S. Jhally, op. cit., pp.50-2.

64) ibid., p.197.

65) °í°­µµ ½ÃÀåȯ°æ(high-intensity market setting)À̶õ "¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »óǰµéÀÌ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¸¹°í, ±×¸®°í ¸¹Àº »óǰµéÀÌ ¼öÁسôÀº °úÇÐÀû ±â¼úÀû Áö½Ä°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ º¹ÀâÇÑ »ê¾÷Àû »ý»ê°úÁ¤ÀÇ °á°úÀÎ ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦"À» ¶æÇÑ´Ù. W. Leiss, The Limits to Satisfaction (London: Marion Boyars, 1976), p.7.

66) ibid., p.90.

67) F. Hirsch, Social Limits to Growth (Cambridge: Havard Univ. Press. 1976), pp.84-109.

68) R. Goldman, op. cit., p.5. p.37.

69) ibid., p.18.

70) K. Hoshino, "Semiotic Marketing and Product Conceptualization," in J. Umiker-Sebeok, (ed.), Semiotic and Marketing:New Direction in the Study of Sign for Sale (New York: Mouton, 1987), p.46.

71) S. Jhally, op. cit., p.22.

72) J. Baudrillard, Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign (St. Louis: Telos, 1981). ; S. Jhally, "The valorisation of consciousness : the political economy of symbolism," in The Codes of Advertising: Fetishism and the Political Economy of Meaning in the Consumer Society (London: Frances Pinter, 1987).

73) J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p.144.

74) S. Jhally, op. cit., p.51.

75) ¹ÚÁÖÇÏ, "Çö´ë±¤°íÀÇ º¯È­¿Í Æ÷½ºÆ®¸ð´ø ±¤°í," ¹æÁ¤¹è¡¤±è¹Î³² °øÆí, ¾ð·Ð°ú Çö´ë»çȸ(¼­¿ï: ³ª³², 1995), p.47.

76) J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p.142.

77) ibid., p.143. K. Myers´Â »óǰ¹°½Å¼º °³³äÀÌ »ç¿ë°¡Ä¡¸¦ ºÐ¼®¿¡¼­ Á¦¿Ü½ÃŰ¸é¼­ »ç¿ë°¡Ä¡¸¦ ¹°ÁúÀû À¯¿ë¼ºÀ¸·Î Á¦ÇÑÇÏ¿© '°æÁ¦ÀÇ ¿ÜºÎ'¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ºñÆÇÇÑ´Ù. Baudrillard¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±×´Â »ç¿ë°¡Ä¡¿Í Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿å±¸°¡ »óǰÀÇ °íÀ¯ÇÑ Æ¯¼ºÀ̳ª ½É¸®ÀûÀÍ·Î »ý¹°ÇÐÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »çȸÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÓÀ» °­Á¶ÇÏ°í ¼ÒºñÀÇ Á߿伺À» ÁÖ¸ñÇÑ´Ù. K. Myers, Understains: The Sense and Seduction of Advertising (London: Comedia Publishing Group, 1986).

78) J. Baudrillard, op. cit., pp.145-6.

79) °­Å¿Ï, "¼Òºñ»çȸÀÇ ´ëÁ߸Åü ¼Ò°í-'»óǰ¹ÌÇкñÆÇ·Ð'°ú '±âÈ£ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐ ºñÆÇ·Ð'¿¡¼­ÀÇ »ç¿ë°¡Ä¡ ¹®Á¦," Çѱ¹»çȸ¾ð·Ð¿¬±¸È¸ ¹ßÇ¥³í¹®, 1993. p.2.

80) J. Baudrillard, op. cit., pp.153-4.

81) K. Marx/±è¿µ¹Î, op. cit., p.48.

82) J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p.120.

83) °­Å¿Ï, op. cit., p.13.

84) J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p.113. p.146-7.

85) A. Wernick, "Sign and Commodity: Aspects of the Cultural Dynamic of Advanced Capitalism", in Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory vol.8 no.1-2(Hiver/Printemps, 1984), p.20.

86) R. Goldman, op. cit., p.37-8

87) ibid., pp.22.

88) J. P. Sartre, The Critique of Dialectical Reason, trans. by A. Sherilan-Smith(London: NLB, 1976), p.76. ; Jhally, S., op. cit., p.2¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

89) S. Jhally, op. cit., pp.7-9.

90) M. Douglas & B. Isherwood, The World of Goods (New York: Basic Books, 1978), p.65.

91) S. Jhally, op. cit., p.10.¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀÇ·ùÀÇ Ä¿¹Â´ÏÄÉÀ̼ÇÀû ¼Ó¼º¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â 1976³â R. H. HolmanÀÇ ÇÐÀ§³í¹®À» ºñ·Ô ¿©·¯ ÆíÀÇ ±Û¿¡¼­µµ ºÐ¼®µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×³à´Â ÀÇ·ù¿¡ Àǹ̰¡ ºÎ¿©µÇ´Â »çȸ¹®È­Àû ¹ýÄ¢À» ޱ¸Çϸ鼭, ÀÇ·ùü°èÀÇ ±¸Á¶Àû ÇüÅ¿¡ °üÇÑ ±â¼úÀ» ÅëÇØ ƯÁ¤ ¸Æ¶ô ÀÇ·ùü°è³»¿¡ °¡´ÉÇÑ ´Ù°¢ÀûÀÎ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ ¸í½ÃÇϰíÀÚ Çß´Ù. R. H. Holman, "Communicational Propoties of Woman's Clothing: Isolation of Discriminable Clothing Ensembles and Identification of Attributions Made to One person Wearing Each Ensemble," unpublished ph. D. dissertion, the Univ. of Texas at Austin, 1976. Mick, D. G., op. cit., 202¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë. ; "Clothing as Communication: An Emperical Investigation", in Advanced in Consumer Research, Vol. 7. (ed.) Jerry C. Olson, Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research, 1980, pp.372-377.

92) ibid., p.22.

93) ibid., pp.25-6.

94) ibid., pp.29-34.

95) ibid., p.27.

96) M. Sahlins, Culture and Practical Reason (Chicago: Univ. of Chigago Press, 1976).

97) S. Jhally, op. cit., pp.37-8.

98) ibid., pp.39-45.

99) K. Marx, Capital(1) (London: Penguin, 1976), p.125. ibid., p.40¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

100) K. Marx, Wage, Labour and Capital (Moscow: Progress, 1952), pp.32-3. ibid., p42¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

101) J. P. Galbraith, The Affluent Society (New York: New American Library, 1976), H. Marcuse, One Dimensional (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964).

102) R. Berman, Advertising and Social Change (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1981), pp.25-8.

103) R. Williamson, op. cit., p.187.

104) S. Jhally, op. cit., p.4.

105) S. Jhally, op. cit., pp.11-2

106) ibid., p.52.

107) G. McCracken & R. Pollay, "Anthropology and the Study of Advertising," unpublished xerox, Univ. of British Columbia, Jhally, op. cit., p11.¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

108) S. Jhally, op. cit., p.24. ³ëµ¿Á¶°Ç, ³ëÁ¶°á¼º¿©ºÎ, ¿ø·áÀç»ý¿©ºÎ, ƯÈ÷ ¾Æµ¿µéÀÇ ³ëµ¿¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »ý»êµÈ Á¦Ç°À̳ª ÀüÅëÀû »ýȰÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â Á¦Ç°¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ Á¤º¸µéÀ» ¼ÒºñÀÚ°¡ ÀÔ¼öÇÏ¸é »óǰÀÇ Àǹ̴ ÆÇÀÌÇÏ°Ô ´Þ¶óÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ibid., p.50-1.

109) ibid., p.51.

110) °æÁ¦¿Í ¹®È­, »ý»ê°ú ¼Òºñ, »óǰ°ú ±âÈ£, ȤÀº Á¶ÀÛ°ú ¼³µæ(»ó¡)Àº Àû´ëÀû °ü°è°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó º¯Áõ¹ýÀû ÅëÀÏÀ» ¸ð»öÇÏ´Â °ü°è¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, °æÁ¦¿Í ¹®È­°¡ º°°³ÀÏ ¼ö ¾øµíÀÌ »ý»ê°ú ¼Òºñ, ±×¸®°í »óǰ°ú ±âÈ£ ȤÀº Á¶ÀÛ°ú ¼³µæÀÌ, ´ÜÁö Çö»óÀûÀÎ ±â´É¿¡¼­ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¦ »Ó, µ¶¸³ÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸ºÐµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹ÚÁÖÇÏ, "±¤°í¿Í '»óǰ¹°½Å¼º'¿¡ °üÇÑ °íÂû," »çȸ°úÇבּ¸ Á¦3Áý, ±¤ÁÖ´ëÇб³ »çȸ°úÇבּ¸¼Ò, 1993. 12. p.228.

111) J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p.120.

112) W. F. HaugÀÇ »óǰ¹ÌÇÐ °³³äÀº »óǰÆÇ¸Å¿Í ±¸¸Å¶ó´Â »óǰ ±³È¯°úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â »ç¿ë°¡Ä¡ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ´Ù·é °³³äÀÌ´Ù. »óǰ±¸¸Å´Â »ç¿ë°¡Ä¡¸¦ ¾à¼Ó¹ÞÀ» ¶§ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±¸¸Å ¶Ç´Â ±³È¯ÇàÀ§ÀÇ °è±â´Â »ç¿ë°¡Ä¡(´ë»ó)ÀÎ »óǰÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¿ë°¡Ä¡ ¾à¼Ó(´ë»óÀû ÀǹÌ)ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¿ë°¡Ä¡ ¾à¼ÓÀÌ ¿Ü¾çÈ­µÈ »ç¿ë°¡Ä¡ÀÎ ¹Ù, ÀÌ´Â ±¤°í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ âÃâµÈ ¿å¸ÁÀÇ Ã¼°è¿Í ¿å±¸¸¸Á·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾à¼ÓÀ» ¶æÇÑ´Ù. ÇѸ¶µð·Î »óǰ¹ÌÇÐÀº '»ç¿ë°¡Ä¡ÀÇ ´ë»óÈ­'¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Haug´Â »óǰ¹ÌÇÐÀÌ »ó¡ÀûÀ¸·Î¸¸ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹°ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë°¡Ä¡¸¦ Ç¥»óÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡À» °­Á¶ÇÑ´Ù. W. F, Haug, Critique of Commodity Aesthetics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986), p.16. ; W. F. Haug, Commodity Aesthetics:Ideology & Culture (New York: International General, 1987), pp.121-2.

113) Jhally, S., op. cit., pp.194-6.

114) R. W. Fox "Epitaph for Middletown," in Fox and T. J. Lears, The Culture of Consumption (New York: Pantheon, 1983), p.103

115) V. Leymore, Hidden Myth (New York: Basic Books, 1975). °­Áظ¸, ¹ÚÁÖÇÏ, ÇÑÀº°æ, op. cit., p.131¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

116) M. Esslin, "Aristotle and the Advertisers: The Television Commercial Considered as a Form of Drama," in H. Newcomb (ed.), Television: The Critical View (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1982), pp.260-76.

117) F. Inglis, The Imagery of Power: A Critique of Advertising (London: Heinemann, 1972), p.17.

118) S. Ewen, S., op. cit., p.219. R. Berman, Advertising and Social Change (Beverly Hills: SAGE, 1981), p.31.

119) J. F. Sherry, Advertising as Cultural System, 1985, p.1. ¹Ì°£Çà. D. G. Mick, op. cit., p.203¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

120) J. Henry, Culture Against Man (New York: Vintage, 1956).

121) J. Boldley, victims of Progress (Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield, 1982).

122) R. W. Polly, "The Distorted Mirror: Reflection on the Unintended of Advertising," Journal of Marketing, 50(2), pp.18-36.

123) R. Goldman, op. cit., p.2.

124) ibid., p.16.

125) R. Goldman, op. cit., p.5.

126) M. Schudson, "Criticizing the critics of advertising : towards a sochological view of marketing," Media, Culture and Society, vol. 3. 1981. pp.5-6.

127) R. Goldman, op. cit., p.33.

128) ibid., p.34.

129) ibid., p.6.

130) J. Williamson, op. cit., p.42.

131) R. Goldman, op. cit., p.6.

132) ibid., p.9.

133) R. L. Craig, The Changing Communicative Structure of Advertisement," 1850-1930, Ph. D. dissertation. Univ of Iowa, 1985, p.1. Á¶º´·®, "±¤°íÀÇ Ä¿¹Â´ÏÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ±¸Á¶¿Í ÀǹÌÀÛ¿ë¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸," ÇѾç´ëÇб³ ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§ ³í¹®(1989.2.), p. 24¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

134) R. W. Pollay, "Twentith-Centurys Magazine Advertising: Determinants of Informativeness", Written Communication 1, 1984, p.73. ibid., p50¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

135) D. Pope, The Marketing of Modern Advertising (New York: Basic, 1982), pp.280-7.

136) W. Leiss, et al., op. cit., pp.5-7.

137) ibid., p.329ÀÇ <Ç¥ 11.1>°ú p.284ÀÇ <±×¸² 9.34>¸¦ À籸¼º.

138) ibid., p.240.

139) S. Jhally, "Advertising as Religion: The Dialectic of Technology and Magic," in I Angus, S. Jhally(ed.), Cultural Political in Contemporary America (New York: Routledge, 1989), p.223.

140) W. Leiss, op. cit., p.246.

141) ibid., p.254.

142) ibid., p.262.

143) S. Jhally, op. cit., pp.201-2.

144) ÀÚ¼¼È÷ »ìÇDZâ À§Çؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½À» ÂüÁ¶. ¡¸Social Communication in Advertising¡¹, pp.327-48.

145) °­¸í±¸, ¼Òºñ´ëÁß¹®È­¿Í Æ÷½ºÆ®¸ð´õ´ÏÁò (¼­¿ï: ¹ÎÀ½»ç, 1993), p.210.

146) H. Lefebvre, Every LIfe in the Modern World (New York: Harper, 1971), p.98.

147) ibid., p.204.

148) R. Goldman, op. cit., pp.20-23.

149) »óǰÇü½ÄÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ Æ¯¼ºµéÀ» Àΰ£À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®½Ã۰í, ±³È¯°¡´ÉÇÑ ½Çüµé(entities)·Î Ãë±ÞÇÑ´Ù. ±× ½ÇüµéÀº ÁÖ°ü¼º(subjectivity)À̳ª ¸ñÀû(purpose)°ú´Â ¹«°üÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª°Å³ª, ¶Ç´Â '°´°üÀû Á¶°ÇÀ̳ª Á¸Àç(existence)¿Í´Â ¾Æ¹«·± °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø´Â µí º¸ÀÌ´Â ÁÖü ȤÀº ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡¸£Å²´Ù'. »çȸ°ü°èµéÀº ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ̰í À¯±âÀûÀÎ ¸Æ¶ôÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÇ¾î Ãß»óÈ­µÈ´Ù.

150) J. Brenkman, "Mass media from collective experience to the culture of privatization," in Social Text, vol.1. 1979, p.100.

151) G. Rose, The Melancholy Science: An Introduction to the Thought of Theodor W. Adorno (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1978), p.47.

152) H. Lefebvre, op. cit., p.95.

153) W. Leiss, op. cit., p.18.

154) R. Goldman, op. cit., p.24.

155) J. Williamson, op. cit., p.13.

156) B. Nichols, "Sanger Harris profits from fantasies," Advertising Age, 1979. 2. 26., R. Goldman, p.26¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

157) ibid., p.27.

158) J. Berger, Ways of Seeing (New York: Penguin, 1972), p.134.

159) T. W. Adorno, op. cit., p.207.

160) W. Benjamin, "The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction," in H. Arendt (ed.), Illuminations (New York: Schocken Books, 1969), p.223. R. Goldman, op. cit., p.29.

161) R. Goldman, op. cit., p.32.

162) »ó¡ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¿ä¾àµÈ´Ù. ù°, »ó¡ÇÏ´Â ´ë»óÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. µÑ°, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´ë»óÀÌ ÀÌ¿øÀûÀÌ´Ù. ¼Â°, ÀÌ¿øÀû ´ë»óÀº Áø½Ç°ú Ç㱸ÀÇ ¾ç¸éÀ» ³»Æ÷ÇÑ´Ù. ³Ý°, Áø½Ç°ú Ç㱸ÀÇ ¾ç¸é¼ºÀº ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ °¨°¢Àû ½Çü¿Í Ãß»óÀûÀÎ °ü³äÀÇ ¼¼°è·Î ÀÌÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ±â´ÉÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù.

W. M. Urban, The Principle of Symbolism in Language and Reality 7(1), 1951, pp.416-26.

163) J. Williamson, op. cit., p.18.

164) J. W. Carey, "Advertising: An Institutional Approach," in The Role of Advertising, (eds) C. H. Sandage, & V. Frybuger (Homewood, Ill:Richard D. Irwin, 1960). ; Hovland, R. & G. B. Wilcox / ¸®´ë·æ ¿ª, ±¤°í¿Í »çȸ (¼­¿ï: ³ª³², 1994), pp.47-54.

165) A. Wernick, op. cit., p.22-3.

166) D. Durkheim, The Division of Labour in Society (Free Press, 1964), 7Àå ÂüÁ¶, ibid., p.22¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

167) S. Jhally, op. cit., p.73.

168) ibid., pp.193-4.

169) N. Garnham, op. cit., 1981, p.142.

170) A. Briggs, Fisher Memorial Lecture, Univ. of Adelaide, 1960, S. Jhally, op. cit., 193¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

171) N. Garnham, "Public Service versus the Market", in Screen vol.24. no.1, January/Feburary, 1983, p.14.

172) A. Wernick, op. cit., p.28.

173) R. GoldmanÀÇ ¡¸Reading Ads Socially¡¹ Á¦ 8Àå "Levi's 501s and the 'Knowing Wink'"À» ÂüÁ¶.

174) À§ÀÇ Ã¥ Á¦ 9Àå "The Postmodernism that failed" ÂüÁ¶.

175) R. Goldman, op. cit., pp.13-4.

176) ibid., p.224.

177) S. Ewen, op. cit., p.2.

178) V. Haug, op. cit., p.23; J. O'connor, The Meaning of Crisis (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987), p.81.

179) M. Sklar, "On the proletarian revolution and the end of political economic society," Radical America, 3, 1969, pp.1-41.

180) J. Brenkmen, "Mass media from collective experience to the culture of privatization," Social Text, 1, 1979, p.5.

181) ÄÚ·¡µå±¤°íÀü·«¿¬±¸¼Ò, ±¤°í´ë»çÀü (¼­¿ï: ³ª³², 1989), p.468.

182) M, Ray, Advertising and Communication Management (Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1982), pp.125-6.

183) J. Plummer, "Life-style Pattens," in J. Wright (ed.), The Commercial Connection: Advertising and the American Mass-Media (New York: Dell, 1979), pp.125-6.

184) D. Pope, op. cit., pp.280-91.

185) ibid., p.281.

186) T. Schwartz, The responsive Chord (New York: Anchor, 1974), p.25.

187) ÄÚ·¡µå ±¤°íÀü·«¿¬±¸¼Ò, op. cit., p.870.

188) ÈçÈ÷ ¾î¶»°Ô ÇൿÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿å¸ÁÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿©, ±ÇÀ§ÀÖ´Â Àλ縦 Èä³»³»´Â ¾î¶² ÁöÀ§, ¸í¼º, ¶óÀÌÇÁ½ºÅ¸ÀÏÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î Æ÷Áö¼Å´×ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

189) G. Lebowitz, "Liberated Woman's replaces 'sex' as emphasis for fragrance ads", Product Marketing, October: 10(1979), p.10.

190) J. Fiske and J. Hartley, Reading Television (London: Methuen, 1978), p.63.

191) ibid., p.81.

192) G. Dyer, op. cit., p.131.

193) J. Rorty, Our Master's Voice (New York: Arno Press, 1976), p.16.

A. Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977), p.80.

194) S. Jhally, op. cit., p.142.

195) E. Goffman, Gender Advertisements (New York: Harper, 1976), p.15, p.84.

196) S. Jhally, op. cit., p.139.

197) R. Goldman, op. cit., p.57.

198) B. Nichols, Sanger Harris profits from fantasies, Advertising Age, 1979. 2. 26., S-2, 4. ibid., p.44¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

199) ¼ÒºñÀÚÁöÇâÀû Æ÷Áö¼Å´× ÄÁ¼ÁÀº ù°, '¼ÒºñÀÚ°¡ ¹°¸®Àû ¼Ó¼ºÀ̳ª Á¦Ç°ÀÇ Æ¯¼º°ú ¹«°üÇÏ°Ô Á¦Ç°À» "Áö°¢ÇÏ´Â" µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿©...¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î'¸¦ ÆÇ¸ÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µÑ°, ¶óÀÌÇÁ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ ±×¸®°í ȤÀº ¼ºÀû ¼Ò±¸°°Àº ¹®Á¦µéÀ» °¡Áö°í Á¦Ç°À» ¿¬»ó½ÃŰ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¼ÒºñÀÚÀÇ Áö°¢À» Çü¼º½ÃŲ´Ù. ¼Â°, ¶óÀÌÇÁ½ºÅ¸ÀÏÀ̳ª ȤÀº ¼ÒºñÀÚ°¡ ½º½º·Î¸¦ µ¿ÀϽÃÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÁØ°ÅÆ²À» ¿¬»ó½Ã۱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¼ÒºñÀÚµéÀÌ ´õ¿í ½±°Ô ¿¬°üÀ» ¸ÎÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ ÆÇ¸ÅÇÑ´Ù.

F. B. Ennis, "Positioning revisited," Advertising Age, 1982.3.15. M-43, 46. ibid., p.44¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

200) S. Jhally, op. cit., p.143.

201) B. Livant, On Historical Turning-Point in Making Audience as Commodities, unpublished xerox. Brooklyn College, 1981, p.11. S. Jhally, op. cit., p.68¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë.

202) S. Jhally, op. cit., pp.65-83.

203) E. Barnouw, The Sponsor: Notes on a Modern Potentate (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1978), p.83.

204) ¹æÁ¤¹è, ±è¹Î³² °øÆí, op. cit., pp.472-4.

205) S. Ewen, op. cit., p.47.

206) E. Goffman, op. cit., 1976 : J. Williamson, op. cit., 1978.

207) ¿¹ÄÁ´ë, ¿¹¼úÀû ÀÛ¾÷À¸·Î¼­ Miss DiorÀÇ ¿ë±â³ª ȤÀº Joy de Jean patouÀÇ ±Ýºû Âù¶õÇÑ Å©¸®½ºÅ» ¿ë±â´Â ±× Á¦Ç°ÀÇ °í±Í¼º°ú ¹èŸ¼ºÀ» È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù. Jean Patou¶ó´Â Çâ¼ö´Â Èñ¼Ò¼º ¿øÄ¢¿¡ È£¼ÒÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¹èŸ¼º¿¡ ¼Ò±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¼úÀû ÀÛ¾÷À̳ª ȤÀº °èÅëÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ±âȣȭµÇ¸é, ÀÌ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â Á¦Ç°µéÀº ¼ÒºñÀÚµéÀ» ÀÏ¹Ý ´ëÁßÀûÀÎ ºÎÀεé°ú Â÷º°È­¸¦ ½ÃÄÑÁØ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ÀڽŵéÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Á¦Ç°Àº ´ë·®»ý»êµÈ »óǰ(¿¹¼úÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù)ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â Á¡À» »ó¡Çϰí Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. LanvinÀÌ ÁÁÀº ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. LanvinÀº 'ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ »çÄ¡'¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ´ã·ÐÀ» À̾߱âÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù¸é,

'À¯µ¿ÀÚ»ê' ȤÀº '´ç½ÅÀÇ Àλý¿¡ ´õ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¿ì¾ÆÇÔÀº °áÄÚ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù' °°Àº Gucci±¤°í´Â ¿ë±â¼ÓÀÇ ºÎÀ¯½º·¯¿î ±Ýºû »ö»óÀ» ³»¼¼¿ì¸é¼­ ±¤°í¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. R. Goldman, op. cit. p. 54.

208) D. J. Czitrom, Mass media and the American mind (Chapel Hill : Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1982), p.190.

209) S. Kline & W. Leiss, "Advertising, needs, and Commdity Fetishism," in Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory vol. 2, 1978, p.19.

210) J. Berger, op. cit., p.132.

211) J. Williamson, J., p.13.

212) ibid., p.31.

213) J. Williamson, op. cit., p.19.

214) J. Berger and J. Mohr, Another Way of Telling (New York: Pantheon, 1982), p.89.

215) ibid., p.117.

216) R. Goldman, op. cit., pp.57-8.

217) 1992³âµµ¿¡ °øº¸Ã³¿¡¼­ ½Ç½ÃÇÑ ±¤°íÇ¥Çö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ÒºñÀÚÀÇ½Ä ¹× ŵµ Á¶»ç°á°ú¿¡ µû¸£¸é ±¤°íÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å·Ú´Â ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÌ´Ù.

ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î ½Å·Ú°¨¡¤±àÁ¤ÀûÀº 12.6%, ½Å·Ú°¨¡¤ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀº 41.1%·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÇãÀ§¡¤°úÀ塤°ú¼Òºñ Á¶Àå µî ±¤°íÀÇ ¿ª±â´É Áß¿¡¼­µµ °ú¼Òºñ¸¦ ºÎÃß±ä´Ù°¡ °¡Àå Å« ¹®Á¦Á¡À¸·Î ÁöÀûµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. "°ú¼Òºñ¸¦ ºÎÃß±ä´Ù"ÀÇ ¹°À½¿¡ Á¤¸» ±×·¸´Ù°¡ 60.5%, ¾à°£ ±×·¸´Ù°¡ 30.1%·Î 90.6%°¡ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ Æò°¡¸¦ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

°øº¸Ã³, ±¤°íÇ¥Çö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ÒºñÀÚÀÇ½Ä ¹× ŵµ Á¶»ç°á°ú, 1992.12. p.41, p.18.

218) ±¤°í¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÈ Àǹ̵鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ °¡Ä¡°üÀÌ ¿Ö°îµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿¹·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Á¶»ç°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Çѱ¹±¤°íÀÚÀ²½ÉÀDZⱸ¿¡¼­ Á¶»çÇÑ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±¤°í¾ð¾î¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ¿À¿ë»ç·Ê´Â ³»¿ë¸é¿¡¼­ ÇãÀ§¡¤¿Ü¼³¡¤¹è¿Ü¡¤¼ºÂ÷º°¡¤°ú¼Òºñ¡¤¹èŸÀû¡¤±¹¹ÎÁ¤¼­ ÇØ¾Ç µî°ú, Çü½Ä¸é¿¡¼­ À߸øµÈ Ç¥±â(³¹¸»/¹®¹ý ¹®Àå µî)ÀÇ Ç¥Çö¡¤È­¿ë·ÐÀû ¾î»öÇÑ Ç¥Çö µîÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ '½ÃÀåÁö¹è ¹× ¿ìÀ§¼ºÀ» °­Á¶ÇÑ Ç¥Çö'°ú 'À¯ÀÏ' 'Á¦ÀÏ' µî ¹èŸÀû ³¹¸»À» »ç¿ëÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀÌ ¾ÐµµÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¹¾Æ ¹èŸÀû ¿ì¿ù¼ºÀ» µå·¯³»´Â °æÇâÀÌ µÎµå·¯Á³´Ù. Çѱ¹±¤°íÀÚÀ²½ÉÀDZⱸ, ±¤°í¾ð¾î ¿À¿ë»ç·Ê Á¶»çÀÚ·á, 1995. 6, p.97.

219) ibid., pp.83-4

220) ibid., p.58.

221) S. Jhally, op. cit., pp.204-5.

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